Background: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy has become a standalone procedure for the treatment of severe obesity with excellent short- and mid-term outcome. Staple-line leak is one of the most dreaded complications of this procedure. Following a standardized sequence of critical steps can help decrease the incidence of leaks. In this review, we examine the etiopathogenesis of leaks after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and important implicated technical considerations. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search of various databases was performed with relevant keywords. The published scientific literature was critically appraised. Results: Patient-, surgery-, and surgeon-related risk factors should be recognized and modifiable risk factors should be addressed. There are anatomical, physiological, and technical considerations that contribute to the pathogenesis of leaks, based on which a multitude of precautions need to be taken to prevent staple-line leak. Conclusion: The correct bougie size, distance from the pylorus, stapler size, orientation of staple line, and distance from angle of His and an intraoperative leak test are some of the crucial aspects for a successful outcome after sleeve gastrectomy. Staple size less than that of 1.5 mm should not be used on the stomach, stapling should be initiated at least 5 cm from pylorus and calibrated on a bougie that should not be <32 Fr size. Reinforcing the staple line reduces the incidence of hemorrhage, and current evidence indicates the incidence of leak. Performing a leak test, though offers less sensitivity to predict a leak, does help in detecting the immediate mechanical failure of staple line.

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Background: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is a safe and effective bariatric surgical procedure. Sleeve configuration is believed to be an important outcome of good operative technique, yet the relationship of sleeve shape to clinical outcomes including weight loss and postoperative symptoms is not clearly defined. This study aims to identify whether gastric remnant anatomical shape is associated with short-term postoperative weight loss or symptoms of reflux, regurgitation, or dysphagia. Methods: 207 LSG patients were identified from a prospective, multicentre unit database who had surgery between June 2015 and June 2019. Routine postoperative upper gastrointestinal gastrograffin contrast studies were performed between postoperative days one to five and analyzed using a standardized protocol. Gastric remnant shape was classified as either tubular, proximal pouch or distal pouch consistent with previous studies. ANOVA Kruskal − Wallis and Mann − Whitney U-tests were performed to determine the effect of gastric remnant anatomy on weight loss. Descriptive statistics examined the symptoms of reflux, regurgitation, and dysphagia. Results: Gastric remnant anatomy was classified as tubular in 159/207 (78%), proximal pouch in 15/207 (7%), and distal pouch in 33/207 (16%). Patients with a tubular shape had a significantly greater reduction in median body mass index at 12 months postoperatively compared to those with a proximal pouch (11.3 kg/m² vs. 10.2 kg/m², P = 0.01). There was no relationship identified between gastric remnant shape and postoperative reflux, regurgitation, or dysphagia. Conclusion: A tubular-shaped gastric remnant is associated with increased weight loss. This suggests that tubular shape should be considered the desired LSG shape for greatest weight loss.

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Gastric bypass (GB) was originally described over 50 years ago as an alternative to jejunoileal bypass in the surgical approach to morbid obesity. Since then, several technical improvements and modifications have been proposed over time to simplify technical execution, enhance outcomes, and minimize the risk of complications and/or adverse effects. After half a century of robust and sustained results, the technical drawing of the GB still undergoes improvements, mainly to ensure even more safety for obese patients and encompass modern concepts of metabolic surgery. This review aims to outline the main technical changes proposed for GB from its original description to the current times.

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Introduction: There is a paucity of data in the scientific literature on the morbidity and mortality of bariatric and metabolic surgery (BMS) in individuals suffering from Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). The current study is a secondary analysis of the GENEVA dataset to understand this. Materials and Methods: Logistic regressions were performed to investigate the influence of diabetes on complication rates and procedure selection. Ethical approval was not required. Results: One thousand four hundred and seventy-five of these patients were suffering from T2D at the time of the surgery (416 diet-treated type 2 diabetes), 806 oral agent-treated type 2 diabetes, and 253 insulin-treated type 2 diabetes [ITD]). Six hundred and fifty (44.1%) of these patients underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG); 487 (33%) underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; 230 (15.6%) underwent a one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB); and 108 (7.3%) underwent some other procedures. The 30-day mortality of BMS in those without T2D was 0.07% (4/5609) as compared to 0.4% (6/1475) and 0.8% (2/253) in those with T2D and ITD, respectively. 7.9% of those with T2D developed a 30-day complication compared to 6.5% without T2D (P = 0.0475). There was an increased risk of complications in patients with ITD on univariate and multivariate analysis. Patients with T2D were significantly less likely to undergo an LSG and significantly more likely to undergo an OAGB. Conclusions: ITD patients undergoing BMS experienced significantly higher 30-day morbidity and mortality. Although LSG was the most common procedure in patients with T2D, these patients were less likely to undergo LSG than patients without T2D.

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Background: Roux en Y gastric bypass (RYGB) has been highly effective in weight loss and it has been the procedure of choice for patients suffering from diabetes. There is a high attrition rate in long-term follow-up. Hence, limited long-term data are available. Methodology: We collected retrospectively data from a prospectively maintained institutional database. To increase the long-term follow-up rate, a telephonic interview was conducted with patients who had not come for long-term follow-up. Standard definitions were used for weight loss, weight regain, comorbidities, comorbidity resolution, and nutritional parameters. Results: Of 142 patients who underwent laparoscopic RYGB between 2008 and 2018, 125 patients (M: 33, F: 92; Age: 42.4 ± 5.2 years) were included in the study. The mean % weight loss at 1, 3, 5, and 7 years was 28.9, 31.8, 31.3, and 31.7, respectively. Mean % excess body mass index loss (% EBMIL) at 1, 3, 5, and 7 years was 67.6 ± 18, 73.7 ± 17.9, 71.7 ± 20.7, and 69.5 ± 24.6, respectively. Median weight regain at 3, 5, and 7 years was 8.4%, 12.7%, and 24% of weight lost. Significant weight regain was seen in 1 patient at 3 years and 3 patients at 5 and 7 years of follow-up. Among patients suffering from diabetes, 50.9% had remission and 45.3% had improvement at 1 year. At 5 years, this was 56% and 40%, respectively. Among patients suffering from hypertension, at 5 years, remission was seen in 11 (64.7%) out of 17. Significant improvements were seen in hypothyroidism, OSA, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and lipid profile. There was a statistically significant decrease in mean levels of fasting blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), hemoglobin, serum calcium, insulin, c-peptide, serum albumin, and total protein and there was an increase in mean Vitamin D levels at 1 year follow-up. There was a decrease in mean levels of folate, total iron-binding capacity, parathyroid hormone, and alkaline phosphatase and an increase in mean Vitamin B12, iron, and ferritin postsurgery. However, this was statistically not significant. Nutritional deficiencies were noted. Seven complications were noted out of 142 procedures and no surgery-related mortality. Three patients had significant weight regain beyond 5 years. Conclusion: RYGB is a safe and effective bariatric procedure with well-sustained results in long run. Nutritional supplementation is required to correct deficiencies.

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Leaks after one anastomosis gastric bypass are managed based on the timing of presentation and the presence or absence of peritonitis. Reoperation is strongly advocated because of the potential severity of biliary peritonitis. Recently, nonoperative treatment is being increasingly employed, especially for staple line disruptions or unspecified leaks. We report successful usage of a covered esophageal stent in a gastrojejunostomy anastomosis leak with a favorable outcome.

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Background: Bariatric surgery is the most effective weight loss intervention for patients with severe obesity. Several studies have shown wide variability in weight loss response between patients. The aim of the study is to identify comparative poor responders based on weight loss in the early postoperative period. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 125 patients who underwent primary bariatric surgery by a single surgeon and completed 1 year of follow-up was performed. Patients were divided into two groups based on % Total Weight loss (%TWL) at 1 month after surgery: Group 1-who lost <10% TWL and Group 2-who lost >10% TWL. The comparison of factors in both groups at different time points was executed using paired t-tests or analysis of variance. The relationships between Group 1 and Group 2 after 1 year follow-up period were assessed through linear regression analyses. Results: Seventy (56%) patients lost <10% TWL and 55 (44%) patients lost more than 10% TWL in 1 month after surgery. Mean weight loss at 1 month and 1 year after surgery was 9 ± 5.5 kg and 37 ± 13.3 kg in Group 1 compared to 16 ± 5.2 and 46 ± 16.4 kg in Group 2, respectively. Patients with >10%TWL at 1 month had significantly greater %TWL at 1 year (P = 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed a positive correlation between patients who lost >10%TWL 1 month after surgery and weight loss at 1 year. Conclusion: Postoperative percentage TWL of <10% at 1 month can be used as an early determinant of comparatively poor weight loss at 1 year. Early initiation of aggressive and multimodal treatment strategies is likely to improve overall weight loss outcomes after surgery.

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Background: Obesity is increasing at an alarming rate in India along with rest of the world. In the National Family and Health survey - IV conducted in 2015-16; 31.3% women and 26.6% men in urban area were obese or over weight. Bariatric surgery has long been introduced for weight control and is well established measure and superior to other weight control measures. Procedures like laparoscopic Roux en Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) are more commonly performed than Laparoscopic One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass (LOAGB). Although sufficient data has accumulated in literature regarding the safety and efficacy of LOAGB, some of standard textbooks still mention it as an experimental procedure and not the mainstream procedure. Aims and Objective: The present study was conducted with objective to find out changes in pre-operative and post-operative status of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnoea, osteoarthritis, GERD and quality of life after laparoscopic one anastomosis gastric bypass along with its safety and efficacy in Indian population. Material and Methods: The study was conducted at a tertiary care bariatric surgical centre and included 75 consecutive individual operated between January 2016 to December 2017 who underwent Laparoscopic One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass and followed prospectively for minimum 1 year (mean 18 months) and statistical analysis was done using SPSS 21 software. Result: One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass was completed laparoscopically in all the patients without need for conversion to an open procedure. The overall complication with Laparoscopic One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass was 1.3% without any mortality. Mean percentage of excess weight loss (% EWL) achieved was 72.73. 93.9 % patients with diabetes, 67.43% patients with hypertension, 87.1% patient with hyperlipidemia, all the patient with obstructive sleep apnoea and osteoarthritis of knee showed improvement in their disease status. None of the patient showed worsening of gastroesophageal reflux or development of new symptoms of gastro esophageal reflux. All patients had improvement in their quality of life as seen in the improvement of their SF 36 scores. Conclusion: Laparoscopic One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass is a safe and effective bariatric procedure. The post procedure improvement in diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obstructive sleep apnoea, osteoarthritis of knee and quality of life is significant in Indian context.

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Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is present in the majority of the patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Weight loss induced by bariatric surgery has been shown to improve clinical measurements and liver histology of NAFLD. The present study aims to evaluate the impact of bariatric surgery on NAFLD in Indian patients with severe obesity using noninvasive parameters. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 67 patients who underwent bariatric surgery (laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass). The Asia-Pacific Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Society guidelines were followed to ensure the indications for bariatric surgery. Data collected included anthropometrics, biochemical parameters, and other noninvasive parameters. Results: Fifty-four patients were included in the final analysis, with the majority being males (54.2%). The mean age was 44.77 ± 12.64 years old. One-year follow-up postsurgery demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in total weight loss and body mass index (BMI) reduction (P < 0.00001). Mean NAFLD fibrosis scores improved from −1.70 to −1.95; however, the improvement was not statistically significant (P = 0.4295). Biochemical improvement was found in the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.0169) and aspartate aminotransferase (P = 0.0004). Concomitantly, significant improvements in AST to Platelet Ratio Index score, BMI, AST/alanine aminotransferase ratio, diabetes score, and liver stiffness measurement on Fibroscan (8.9 ± 1.01 pka [initial] to 7.2 ± 0.40 pka [follow-up]) were observed. Conclusions: Our findings suggest a beneficial association of bariatric surgery in NAFLD patients. Bariatric surgery is found to induce weight loss significantly and improve liver functions as measured by noninvasive parameters. Further, long-term studies are needed to consolidate these results.

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Background: The indications for revision bariatric surgery include inadequate weight loss, weight regain, failure to resolve comorbidities, and complications associated with primary surgery. Objectives: The objective is to evaluate the outcome of revision of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and compare the efficacy of different revision procedures for weight regain, resolution of comorbidities, and complications, if any. Methods: Revision cases performed between May 2017 and April 2021 were included. The analysis of collected data was carried out for weight loss, resolution of comorbidities, and adverse outcomes. Results: Twenty three revision procedures were performed. Two patients were lost to follow-up. The overall complication and reoperation rates were 14.29% and 4.76%, respectively. The follow-up duration was at 6, 12, and 36 months. Twenty-one (91.3%) patients completed 6-month, 18 (78.3%) 12-month, and nine (39.1%) completed 36-month follow-up. The mean postoperative body-mass index at 6, 12, 36 months were 33.07+/−4.15, 33.11+/−4.05, 34.5 ± 8.81, respectively. The mean %excess weight loss (EWL) at 6, 12, 36 months were 39.47+/−13.76, 43.70+/−13.70, 41.14+/−8.48%, respectively. The patients were divided into three groups. Group A - lengthening of biliopancreatic limb (BPL) by 100 cm (n = 6); Group B - placement of ring with a diameter of 7.5 cm in addition to BPL lengthening (n = 12); and Group C - pouch trimming with BPL lengthening by 100 cm (n = 3). %EWL at 6 months was 31.86, 47.69, and 53.49, in Groups A, B, and C, respectively. Similar trends in %EWL were observed in three groups at 12 and 36 months. Conclusion: Revision bariatric surgeries are complex procedures. In our study, banded RYGB with BPL lengthening had better outcomes, though a statistical significance could not be established due to the small sample size and retrospective nature of the study.

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Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has achieved high approval rates as stand-alone weight loss procedure in recent years. Its safety and effectiveness have been clearly established by numerous published studies. On the other hand, there has been great concern about complications related to the long staple line, mainly bleeding and leaks. Although this concern is universal among bariatric surgeons, strategies to prevent complications related to the staple line are not consensual. Accordingly, staple-line reinforcement methods have been widely proposed in an attempt to reduce the risk of these adverse events. However, nonreinforced but technically well-performed staple line can also be a very safe option, saving operative time and procedure-related costs. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is to discuss current options for minimizing the risk of staple line-related bleeding and leaks in LSG, focusing on technical issues and reinforcement methods.

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The obesity pandemic has led to metabolic-associated fatty liver disease as being a major cause of chronic liver disease and liver transplantation worldwide. Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS), through a significant and sustained weight loss, has been shown to have a positive impact on both liver steatohepatitis and fibrosis. This review article aims to present and critically appraise the current literature on the impact of MBS on liver disease and highlight its increasing acceptance within the liver transplant community.

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Context: Bariatric surgery is an effective method in inducing significant weight loss in patients suffering from obesity. Despite the strong evidence on its clinical effects, the data on its mid- and long-term follow-ups and durability are limited. This study is to evaluate the impact of bariatric surgical procedures on weight loss and resolution of comorbidities after surgery. Subjects and Methods: This was a retrospective, single-center cohort study including 1468 participants in whom laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, one-anastomosis gastric bypass, and balloon were performed between 2010 and 2019. Standardized weight loss measures were compared using an analysis of covariance. Results: The mean (standard deviation) age of patients involved in this study is 43.41 ± 12.09 years with a preoperative weight and body mass index (BMI) of 117.23 ± 23.027 and 44.93 ± 8.02, respectively. The mean follow-up period is 2.9 years (0.83–9 years). Patients reported a mean percentage total weight loss (%TWL) of 8.1 ± 15.66%, percentage excess weight loss (%EWL) of 18.92 ± 40.56, and excess BMI loss of 18.38 ± 42.7 at the follow-up point of 9 years. The remission of diabetes was significantly improved by 17%. 0.89% of patients adhered to follow-up visits till the end of the study. Conclusions: Bariatric surgery demonstrated a beneficial association resulting in substantial weight loss and remission of diabetes. Further large, multi-site cohort studies on Indian population are needed to substantiate the evidence.

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Introduction: South Asia has noted an increasing prevalence of obesity and employment of bariatric surgery (BS) procedures. Prior studies have shown improvement in memory, executive function and attention, after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) operation in the Western population. However, there is a scarcity of data on cognitive improvement following BS in a non-Western population. Objective: The objective of the study is to evaluate changes in cognitive functions of patients with severe obesity, after BS. Study Setting: Tertiary-care Academic Center, India. Methodology: A prospective study of patients undergoing BS was conducted. Specific neurocognitive tests (Mini-mental Status Examination, Standard progressive matrices, Controlled Oral Word Association Test, and Post Graduate Institute Memory Scale test) were used to assess cognitive status at baseline (preoperatively), and at 3, 6, and 12 months. Results: Fifty-three patients were enrolled in the study, out of which 50 had completed 1 year of follow-up at the time of analysis (n = 50). Thirty-six patients (72%) were females. The median age was 42 years, and the mean preoperative body mass index (BMI) was 45.5 ± 6.3 kg/m². 40 patients underwent SG, while 10 underwent RYGB procedure. At baseline, the study cohort had impairment of abstract reasoning, attention, and verbal retention, as compared to normative data. At 1 year after surgery, the mean BMI was 29.1 ± 2.6 kg/m². There was a significant (P < 0.05) improvement in most cognitive domains (global cognitive functioning, abstract reasoning, attention/concentration, and memory function). However, improvement in language function was not found to be significant across the follow-up duration of 12 months (P = 0.35). Conclusions: Individuals with severe obesity experience baseline impairment in cognitive functions. Similar to results from the Western population, BS (RYGB and SG) results in a significant improvement in multiple cognitive domains even in a non-Western population.

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Background: Patients undergoing bariatric surgeries are at higher perioperative risk due to multiple comorbidities. We studied the hemodynamic changes during pneumoperitoneum and reverse Trendelenburg position in bariatric surgery, using noninvasive cardiac output (CO) monitoring. Methods: In this prospective observational study, 60 patients of the American Society of Anesthesiologists Grade I–II, aged between 18 and 60 years, planned for elective laparoscopic bariatric surgery were included. During the intraoperative period, hemodynamic monitoring was done using an estimated continuous CO (esCCO) monitor. We noted oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate, blood pressure (BP), and CO values obtained before induction of general anesthesia and were compared with values obtained after induction, postintubation, after pneumoperitoneum, after reverse Trendelenburg, and every 10 min during the procedure and postextubation. Results: The mean baseline SpO2, pulse rate (PR), systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and CO was 99.17 ± 1.7, 99.9 ± 1.35 bpm, 136.3 ± 14.5 mm Hg, 83.11 ± 10.5 mm Hg, and 7.59 ± 1.44 L/min, respectively. There was a significant fall in PR, SBP, DBP, and CO after induction of anesthesia and intubation (P = 0.001). After creating pneumoperitoneum and reverse Trendelenburg, the fall in hemodynamic parameters was also significant (P = 0.001). Conclusions: The esCCO noninvasive CO monitor can be used in patients undergoing bariatric surgeries and predict CO during surgery.

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Background: Micronutrient deficiency is common in obesity despite surplus weight and high caloric intake. Further exacerbation is often seen after bariatric surgery due to the resultant dietary restrictions, and physiological and anatomical alterations. Owing to the rising prevalence of obesity in India with a simultaneous surge in bariatric surgeries, an account of micronutrient status is required. This will help in identifying susceptible individuals and setting up priorities for prevention and intervention. Subjects and Methods: A retrospective study was designed to analyze the data collected before and until 1 year (3, 6, and 12 months) after bariatric surgery in individuals with severe obesity (body mass index ≥35 kg/m², n = 150). We included the assessment of nutritional parameters, namely, serum iron, ferritin, total iron-binding capacity, Vitamin B₁₂, folic acid, homocysteine, calcium, phosphorus, Vitamin D, and parathormone along with anthropometric and routine biochemical investigations. Results: Deficiency of Vitamin D was most prevalent (52%) at baseline, followed by anemia (21%). Ferritin deficiency was 9.3%, followed by iron (8.0%), Vitamin B₁₂(7.3%), and folate deficiency (4.7%) at baseline. There was a remarkable improvement in Vitamin D deficiency (26%), whereas the percent prevalence of other micronutrients has shown deterioration in 12 months after bariatric surgery. No significant difference existed in the prevalence of micronutrient deficiency between laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (n = 75) and laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (n = 75) over the 12-month follow-up period. Conclusion: Micronutrient deficiencies persisted after bariatric surgery underlining the need for fine adjustment of supplementations and monitoring compliance to ensure the best patient outcomes.

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Background: Epigenetic changes after bariatric surgery are of increasing interest; we evaluated the levels of two circulating microRNAs (miRNA-222 and miRNA-146a) before and after the laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and the effect of weight loss on the levels of metabolic biomarkers. Materials and Methods: We prospectively evaluated patients pre- and 12 months post-LSG for percent excess weight loss (%EWL), miRNAs levels, metabolic biomarkers (leptin, ghrelin, peptide YY, and glucagon peptide-1 [GLP-1]) levels from August 2019 to September 2021. Results: Significant differences were observed in the miRNA146a-3p (median: 0.64 (0.012-2.68) vs. 1.07 (0.1-3.6); P = 0.019) and miRNA222-5p (median 1.80 (0.1–3.61) vs. 1.19 (0.1-3.68); P = 0.003) levels before and after (12 months) LSG; fasting leptin, ghrelin, insulin, total cholesterol, high- and low-density lipoproteins, fasting blood sugar (FBS), and triglyceride levels also showed significant differences. Significant changes were observed in postprandial values of glucagon-like peptide l (GLP-1) (P = 0.0001) and peptide YY (P = 0.0006) 12 months after LSG. Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (IR) was significantly correlated with %EWL, miRNA146a, and miRNA222-5p (P = 0.002). Postoperatively measured miR146a-39 and miRNA222-5p showed significant coefficient of determination R² of 0.184 (P = 0.008) and 0.259, P = 0.0007 toward %EWL, respectively. Furthermore, significant correlations of miRNA146a were observed with FBS and IR. Conclusions: LSG-mediated weight loss affected the plasma levels of miR146a and miR222-5p. Due to the simultaneous decrease of ghrelin and increase of postprandial hormones (peptide YY and GLP-1), medical problems in patients with obesity were reduced. This study identified miRNAs as the new markers in the treatment, diagnosis, and therapeutic direction of patients with obesity.

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Bariatric surgery has been consistently demonstrated in randomized controlled trials to be the most effective treatment currently available for patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. In spite of this, with the emergence of longer-term data, it is now becoming apparent that some of the metabolic benefits afforded by bariatric surgery fatigue with time, prompting clinicians to re-consider how patients should be managed in the postoperative period. As is seen with many other chronic diseases including peripheral vascular disease as well as some cancers, surgery is seen as a means of inducing disease control with medications being employed to maintain sustained remission. In recent years, there have been remarkable advances in pharmacotherapy for the treatment of T2DM as well as additional agents which can produce clinically significant weight loss. Having recognized the potential need for further treatment following bariatric surgery along with the availability of highly effective medical therapies presents the opportunity to explore a multimodal approach to care, combining medications with surgery to potentially improve long-term outcomes.

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Aim: The aim is to assess the long- and very long-term rate of unfavorable outcomes associated with the laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB) in morbid obesity. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement was used in this systematic review. The search for evidence was performed in the MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, LILACS, Clinical Trials, and Google Scholar databases from the inception to October 2021. The main eligibility criteria were obese adult undergoing LAGB, unfavorable outcomes, and a minimum follow-up of 4 years. Outcomes were aggregated using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software for noncomparative studies, and the quality of evidence was sorted. Heterogeneity was assumed when I² >50%. Because of expected differences among retrieved studies and several uncontrolled variables, the random-effects model was used to perform a proportional meta-analysis. Results: Data on 23,916 unfavorable outcomes were extracted from 28 studies (N = 107,370 patients). The use of the LAGB may be related to a rate of around 30% for reoperation (95% confidence interval [CI] = 20.4%–41.4%), 18% for band removal (95% CI = 13.3%–24.5%), 12% for nonresponse (95% CI = 5.2%–23.8%), 8% for port/tube complications (95% CI = 5.1%–13.6%), 7% for slippage/prolapse (95% CI = 5.3%–9.7%), 6% for pouch enlargement (95% CI = 3.4%–9.9%), and 3% for erosion/migration (95% CI = 2.0%–4.3%) in the long- and very long-term follow-up. However, the quality of evidence was considered very low. Conclusion: Despite the very low quality of evidence, LAGB was associated with not negligible rates of unfavorable outcomes in long- and very long-term follow-up.

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Introduction: Variations in cultural practices, diet, socioeconomic factors, genetics, and procedure selection have a potential impact on nutritional outcomes after bariatric surgery. There are no updated guidelines from India on clinical practice on the nutritional management of patients undergoing bariatric surgery. This is the first attempt to have a consensus on the subject. Methods: An expert committee was constituted which voted for three rounds on 20 statements/questions based on a Delphi method. Results: There was consensus regarding preoperative screening of hemoglobin, packed cell volume, albumin, iron, ferritin, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, preoperative weight loss, postoperative prophylactic protein supplementations, therapeutic supplementation of iron, B12, and Vitamin D, postoperative testing, and frequency of follow-up visits. Experts did not agree on the routine preoperative testing of serum folate and thiamine. There was no consensus on lifelong supplementation with bariatric formulation, difference of supplementation dosages for Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and one anastomosis gastric bypass, or postponement of surgery pending correction of nutritional deficiencies. Conclusion: We need a better-quality regional data to formulate guidelines that can provide evidence-based guidance for the clinical practice.

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Introduction: Bariatric surgery is an accepted treatment worldwide for patients with obesity due to its proven metabolic effects. However, there are variations worldwide in clinical criteria that must be met to qualify for surgery. This study aims to explore globally established practice and opinions on preoperative workup for bariatric surgery. Materials and Methods: A review of literature and international guidelines was performed by a multidisciplinary team and used to develop an online questionnaire survey. This was distributed to bariatric professionals electronically. Results: Two hundred and forty-four bariatric health-care professionals from 224 medical centers across 57 countries completed the survey. The majority of respondents were surgeons (67.2%), and the remainder were other multidisciplinary professionals. Over half of medical centers were public hospitals (50.8%), with most performing over 200 procedures per year (30.3%). Only 68.4% (n = 167) of respondent hospitals used recognized referral guidelines; however, 81.9% felt that there should be written referral criteria (P < 0.001). In 71.3% (n = 172) of respondent units' patients underwent a Medical Weight Management Programme (MWMP) as part of their preparation for surgery. Significant differences were identified worldwide in the criteria used to determine progression to surgery (P < 0.001), time spent in MWMP prior to surgery (P < 0.001), and the roles of members forming the bariatric multidisciplinary team (P = 0.006). Conclusion: This study has identified significant variation in global bariatric surgery practices and highlights the responsibility that societies such as the International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disease (IFSO) and the Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery Society have in promoting universal clinical guidelines.

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Background: Early identification of patients at risk of poor weight loss following bariatric surgery may provide an opportunity for timely addition of intervention to optimize weight loss. This study investigates the relationship between early postsurgery weight loss trajectory and final weight loss outcomes. Methods: Data from patients who underwent primary sleeve gastrectomy (SG), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), or one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) between October 2014 and March 2020 at a single institution were analyzed retrospectively. Total weight loss percentage (%TWL) was calculated at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months postsurgery. Regression analysis demonstrated associations between early weight loss and %TWL between 12 and 36 months. Multivariate analysis identified predictors of maximal weight loss (MWL) and insufficient weight loss (IWL). Results: Six hundred and sixteen patients met the inclusion criteria. Follow-up weights were available at 12 months for n = 571, 18 months for n = 382, 24 months for n = 344, 30 months for n = 198, and 36 months for n = 187. The median (interquartile range) MWL for SG, RYGB, and OAGB was 29.9% (24.3–35.7), 32.5% (27.5–38.2), and 38.0% (32.6–42.4), respectively. On multivariate linear regression, MWL was best predicted by 3–6-month %TWL after both SG (P < 0.001) and OAGB (P < 0.001) and by 6–9-month %TWL following RYGB (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Early weight loss predicts MWL and %TWL up to 36 months following laparoscopic SG, RYGB, and OAGB. Identification of poor weight loss responders early may represent an opportunity to intervene to optimize postsurgical outcomes.

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